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NHS FPX 4000 Assessment 4 Analyzing a Current Health Care Problem or Issue

Student Name Capella University NHS-FPX 4000 Developing a Health Care Perspective Prof. Name Date  Analyzing a Current Health Care Problem or Issue Medication Errors (MEs) are a common healthcare concern worldwide. They lead to adverse patient outcomes, increased medical expenses and decreased trust in the healthcare organizations. Nurses involved in MEs undergo lasting emotional and legal consequences that hinder their ability to practice. This assessment reflects on a significant incident in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) where a coworker unintentionally administered an incorrect medication. This paper seeks to deepen understanding of MEs, explore effective approaches and propose ethical strategies to address this concern. Elements of Medication Errors Drug-related errors are regarded as the most serious medical mistakes and are one of the leading causes of death among patients in the United States (U.S). Nurses and nursing students are normally involved in 39.69% of errors, as presented in the Iranian study (Tabatabaee et al., 2022). According to the World Health Organization, in the U.S, annually, 1.3 million people suffer adverse drug-related injuries because of MEs; the damage it causes costs about $42 billion (Naseralallah et al., 2023). Such errors cause severe side effects for patients and the health sector. Patients experience adverse drug reactions along with longer hospitalization and a high risk of death. Moreover, these also increase the cost of treatment due to increased periods of staying in the hospital (Tabatabaee et al., 2022). They further deteriorate the relationship between the patients and health care professionals and mental and professional stress to the individuals involved (Bante et al., 2023). Poor communication channels often lead to misconceptions of inpatient treatment programs. Effective and standard procedures are essential to minimize these errors. MEs are exerting significant pressure on healthcare services and raising costs. Healthcare professionals and policymakers must focus on these factors to relieve the cost burden (Elhihi et al., 2023). MEs compromise patient safety, thus underlining the significant requirement for improving healthcare systems and procedures to prevent such an event. The selected information is pertinent as it offers a detailed insight into the extent and consequences of MEs. Evidence from trusted sources and scholarly publications enhances the reliability of the discussion. It helps healthcare experts and policymakers comprehend the significance of tackling this issue through evidence-based solutions and promotes a safety culture within healthcare settings. Analyze the Problem or Issue MEs are preventable medication mistakes during prescribing, dispensing, and administering medications that predispose patients to unsafe clinical conditions (Naseralallah et al., 2023). MEs are estimated to cost the world economy about $42 billion annually (Tsegaye et al., 2020). The case in the scenario originated from a mistake where a colleague in the ICU administered the patient the wrong dose of medication, as captured on the Medication Administration Record (MAR). The factors for MEs are numerous and complex. They occur through a combination of human factors and systemic issues. The contributing factors that increase the likelihood of MEs include communication breakdowns, workload distractions, and inexperienced staff. Human factors include interruptions and inattention, which elevate the risk of error (Tsegaye et al., 2020). Apart from this, failure to check medications before infusion, especially those with similar names or dosages, heightens the risk of MEs. Systemic factors also play an important role. Some systemic errors are associated with inadequate staff training and the absence of standardized procedures. In unclear or conflicting guidelines, the chances of MEs increase (Elhihi et al., 2023). A research report reports that drug-related errors occur in 11.3% of cases due to frequent interruptions during medication administration (Isaacs et al., 2023). In most cases, these interruptions result from patient care or other pressing issues and increased workload. The study underlines other contributing factors, such as insufficient handoff communication, system inefficiencies and gaps in the skill of nursing professionals, as demonstrated in the scenario. NHS FPX 4000 Assessment 4 Analyzing a Current Health Care Problem or Issue MEs pose substantial distress across various healthcare settings. It includes hospitals, outpatient clinics and long-term care facilities. These mistakes are mainly predominant in high-stress settings like the ICU, where the intricacy of patient conditions, the frequent administration of high-risk medications, and careful monitoring raise the probability of errors (Elhihi et al., 2023). The consequences of these drug-related events extend to multiple stakeholders. Patients are at the greatest risk. They potentially suffer harm or complications due to inappropriate medication administration. According to Tariq and Scherbak (2024), healthcare experts such as physicians, pharmacists, nurses, and others involved in medication management all contribute to the risk of these mistakes. They are also impacted by the emotional and professional toll that results in anxiety, disciplinary measures, and a loss of patient confidence. Furthermore, the healthcare system bears the economic burden of increased treatment expenses and prolonged hospitalizations (Naseralallah et al., 2023). This highlights the urgent need for systematic education, well-established systems and a supportive healthcare setting to alleviate MEs. NHS FPX 4000 Assessment 4 Analyzing a Current Health Care Problem or Issue Recent studies by Wondmieneh et al. (2020), provide data that offer insights into the influence of each factor and its overall effect. The study indicates that undertrained nurses are three times more likely to commit MEs than their well-trained counterparts. A lack of standardized protocols doubles the risk of medication mistakes. Additionally, excessive workloads, such as extended night shifts, can increase the probability of errors by fivefold. This healthcare challenge is imperative for newly graduated nurses. It underscores their essential role in patient safety. Nurses are primarily responsible for administering medications, making them vital to preventing MEs by carefully reviewing medication administration records and adhering to standardized protocols (Bante et al., 2023). Addressing this issue early in their careers is critical for building confidence. It safeguards patient safety and cultivates a culture of responsibility and excellence in nursing practice. Considering Options and Proposed Solution  Several measures can contribute to reducing the risks of MEs in a healthcare organization. This involves organized staff education, advanced technology integration, strong teamwork, and effective communication. The purpose of this report is based on staff
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NURS FPX 4905 Assessment 2 Define and Analyze Your Healthcare Process Problem or Issue of Concern

Student Name Capella University NURS-FPX4905 Capstone Project for Nursing Prof. Name Date Define and Analyze Your Healthcare Process Problem or Issue of Concern Practicum Experience and Purpose The practicum conducted at The Longevity Center provides experiential learning within an integrative and regenerative medicine environment. The central objective of this clinical immersion is to strengthen advanced clinical competencies while cultivating a systems-level understanding of regenerative care delivery. Rather than focusing solely on symptom palliation, the clinical philosophy emphasizes identification of underlying biological dysfunction and the restoration of physiologic equilibrium. Through structured participation in patient encounters, interdisciplinary collaboration, and observation of operational workflows, learners evaluate how diagnostic data, patient history, and measurable outcomes inform individualized care planning. Exposure to regenerative interventions—including biologically derived therapies—expands understanding of contemporary chronic disease management strategies. The practicum also fosters systems thinking by allowing analysis of how diagnostic processes, workflow efficiency, and patient engagement influence both clinical outcomes and organizational performance. Practicum Setting Overview What Is the Organizational Structure and Mission of the Practicum Site? The Longevity Center operates as a specialized healthcare facility that integrates conventional medical methodologies with preventive and regenerative interventions. Its mission centers on optimizing long-term health outcomes through early detection, personalized therapeutic strategies, and biologically supportive treatments aimed at tissue repair and functional restoration (The Longevity Center, 2024a). The clinic serves individuals pursuing proactive health optimization as well as patients managing persistent conditions such as musculoskeletal disorders, autoimmune syndromes, and chronic fatigue presentations. This heterogeneous patient population necessitates adaptable clinical frameworks grounded in precision medicine principles and patient-centered care models. How Does the Clinical Team Operate and Support Patient Care? The clinical team consists of a small cohort of full-time providers who engage in collaborative treatment planning. Despite limited staffing, quality is sustained through structured follow-up, outcome measurement, and iterative therapy adjustments. Continuous professional development is embedded into practice culture through critical appraisal of scientific literature, case-based learning, and ongoing education in regenerative science. This collaborative infrastructure promotes evidence-informed decision-making and enhances communication efficiency, contributing to coordinated and streamlined patient care delivery (The Longevity Center, 2024a). Clinical and Operational Decision-Making Processes What Types of Clinical Decisions Are Made in Regenerative Care? Clinical decision-making within regenerative practice involves determining the most appropriate biologic intervention based on comprehensive assessment findings. Providers evaluate laboratory diagnostics, imaging results, physical examination data, and individualized treatment goals before selecting interventions such as Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) therapy or stem cell–based procedures (The Longevity Center, 2024b). Therapeutic planning includes determining dosage parameters, procedural timing, and administration techniques. Imaging modalities such as ultrasound may guide injection placement to optimize anatomical precision. Real-time reassessment and protocol modification enhance therapeutic effectiveness and align interventions with individual biological responses (Majewska et al., 2025). What Operational Decisions Affect Clinical Workflow and Efficiency? Operational governance encompasses scheduling logistics, electronic documentation accuracy, inventory management of biologic materials, and patient flow coordination. These administrative mechanisms directly influence timeliness, safety, and overall service quality. Effective scheduling reduces procedural delays, ensures diagnostic continuity, and supports structured follow-up intervals. Similarly, proactive inventory controls maintain the availability of regenerative supplies, minimizing treatment interruptions and safeguarding clinical efficiency. How Is Treatment Effectiveness Evaluated? Outcome evaluation incorporates multimodal assessment tools, including pain rating scales, range-of-motion testing, functional mobility assessments, and patient-reported outcome measures. Routine follow-up visits enable trend analysis and data-driven therapy adjustments. This longitudinal monitoring approach strengthens quality assurance processes, improves patient satisfaction, and reinforces value-based care delivery principles (The Longevity Center, 2024a). Identification of a Key Diagnostic Process Issue What Diagnostic Challenges Exist in Regenerative Healthcare Settings? A primary process concern involves delays and inconsistencies in diagnosing chronic and multifactorial conditions. Many patients present after consulting multiple providers without receiving definitive diagnostic clarification. This ambiguity complicates therapeutic selection and postpones regenerative intervention initiation. Conventional care frameworks frequently emphasize symptomatic management over etiologic investigation. Consequently, underlying pathophysiological drivers may remain unidentified, prolonging morbidity and impeding targeted regenerative strategies (Dutra et al., 2025). These systemic limitations underscore the necessity for standardized intake algorithms and comprehensive diagnostic pathways. How Do Diagnostic Delays Affect Patient Outcomes? Delayed or inaccurate diagnoses compromise regenerative treatment timing, which is critical for optimizing tissue repair and modulating inflammatory processes (Popescu et al., 2021). Prolonged uncertainty may also erode patient trust and reduce adherence to recommended care plans (Slawomirski et al., 2025). Furthermore, untreated pathological progression may result in increased structural damage, necessitating more invasive interventions. Early diagnostic precision therefore represents a foundational determinant of therapeutic success in regenerative medicine. Impact of Diagnostic Delays on Quality, Safety, and Cost How Do Diagnostic Delays Affect Quality of Care? When treatment initiation is postponed, tissue degeneration and inflammatory cascades may intensify, diminishing the efficacy of biologic therapies. Perceived inefficiency can also negatively influence patient satisfaction metrics (Popescu et al., 2021). Implementation of standardized diagnostic protocols enhances care quality by improving accuracy and facilitating timely intervention. How Do Diagnostic Delays Affect Patient Safety? Unresolved pathology elevates the risk of complications and potential need for surgical management. Timely diagnosis mitigates unnecessary procedural exposure and reduces avoidable risk (Kvarnström et al., 2021). Streamlined diagnostic systems thus contribute directly to safer therapeutic environments. How Do Diagnostic Delays Affect Healthcare Costs? Diagnostic inefficiencies increase financial burdens through redundant testing, extended treatment durations, and repeated consultations. Regenerative therapies often involve substantial out-of-pocket expenses, amplifying economic strain when delays occur (Charnoff et al., 2022). Improved diagnostic accuracy can reduce resource waste and enhance cost-effectiveness. Table 1 Impact of Diagnostic Delays on Healthcare Outcomes Domain Impact of Diagnostic Delays Supporting Evidence Quality of Care Deferred treatment initiation reduces biologic therapy effectiveness and lowers patient satisfaction. Popescu et al. (2021) Patient Safety Greater risk of disease progression, chronic inflammation, and invasive intervention requirements. Kvarnström et al. (2021) Healthcare Costs Increased diagnostic redundancy, prolonged care timelines, and higher patient-incurred expenses. Charnoff et al. (2022) Strategies to Improve Diagnostic Processes What Process Improvements Can Enhance Diagnostic Efficiency? Several evidence-informed strategies may strengthen diagnostic workflows. First, implementing standardized intake and assessment templates ensures systematic data collection during initial consultations. Structured diagnostic pathways reduce variability
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NURS FPX 4000 Assessment 5 Analyzing a Current Health Care Problem or Issue

Student Name Capella University NURS-FPX4000 Developing a Nursing Perspective Prof. Name Date Analyzing Healthcare Issues Understanding Food Insecurity as a Public Health Concern Food insecurity remains a persistent and systemic public health challenge in the United States, affecting an estimated 33 million individuals (Joseph, 2025). Rather than representing isolated episodes of hunger, food insecurity reflects ongoing uncertainty regarding access to sufficient, safe, and nutritionally appropriate food. It is deeply intertwined with chronic disease prevalence, mental health outcomes, and health inequities. From a population health standpoint, food insecurity functions as a social determinant of health that directly influences morbidity, healthcare utilization, and long-term wellbeing. Addressing this issue requires integration of clinical practice, public health infrastructure, and equity-focused frameworks to support both preventive care and chronic disease management. Identifying the Elements of the Problem What Is Food Insecurity and Which Populations Are Most Vulnerable? Food insecurity can be defined as inconsistent or limited access to nutritionally adequate and culturally acceptable foods necessary for maintaining health and functional capacity (Myers, 2020). It encompasses compromised dietary quality, unpredictable food supply, and reliance on emergency or socially stigmatized food resources. The burden of food insecurity is not evenly distributed. Groups experiencing disproportionate impact include low-income households, single-parent families, racial and ethnic minority populations, older adults living on fixed incomes, pregnant individuals, and persons managing chronic medical conditions (Thomas et al., 2021). These disparities are driven by structural inequities such as income stratification, housing instability, and systemic discrimination. What Structural and Environmental Factors Contribute to Food Insecurity? Food insecurity emerges from interconnected economic, environmental, and policy-level determinants. Key contributing factors include: Collectively, these drivers illustrate that food insecurity is embedded within broader socioeconomic systems rather than attributable solely to individual behavior or choice. Analyzing the Problem How Does Food Insecurity Influence Health Outcomes? A growing body of literature demonstrates that food insecurity is associated with adverse cardiometabolic, psychological, and developmental outcomes. The following table summarizes documented associations: Health Outcome Documented Association With Food Insecurity Obesity (Adults) 20–30% greater odds Obesity (Children/Adolescents) 10–15% higher risk Hypertension (Adults) 15–25% increased likelihood Hypertension among low-income adults 1.3–1.8 times greater risk Uncontrolled hypertension (>140/90 mmHg) Approximately 20% higher prevalence (Thomas et al., 2021) Food insecurity is also linked to psychological distress, particularly among mothers and caregivers, which may disrupt family stability and child development (Myers, 2020). Nutritional compromise further complicates glycemic control, lipid regulation, and medication adherence, increasing hospitalization and readmission rates. Why Is Food Insecurity a Priority Issue for Nurse Practitioners? Nurse practitioners routinely manage patients with diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease—conditions that are significantly influenced by dietary quality. When patients lack reliable access to nutritious food, optimal disease management becomes difficult. Limited food access can undermine blood glucose regulation, blood pressure control, immune function, and recovery outcomes. Because nurse practitioners often serve as primary care providers, they are strategically positioned to screen for food insecurity, incorporate social determinants into clinical decision-making, and coordinate referrals to community-based nutrition resources. What Research Gaps Persist in the Literature? Despite substantial research, several areas warrant further investigation: Expanding research in these domains would enhance evidence-based policymaking and intervention sustainability. Comparing and Contrasting Potential Solutions What Community-Based Strategies Have Been Implemented? Community-level interventions such as food pantries, community gardens, and mobile markets aim to increase local access to fresh and affordable foods. Evidence suggests these initiatives improve dietary diversity and promote community engagement (Hume et al., 2022). However, they often depend on grant funding, volunteer labor, and seasonal food availability, which may limit long-term sustainability (Garrity et al., 2024). What Policy-Level Interventions Address Food Insecurity? Federal nutrition programs such as the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) and the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) enhance household purchasing power and demonstrate measurable public health benefits. Nevertheless, administrative complexity, eligibility barriers, and inconsistent outreach reduce program uptake and effectiveness (Nestle, 2023). How Does Healthcare-Based Screening Compare With Other Approaches? Healthcare-based food insecurity screening integrates structured assessment tools into clinical workflows and connects patients to referral networks. A comparative summary is presented below: Advantages Limitations Facilitates early identification Requires workflow redesign and staff education Enhances holistic, patient-centered care Dependent on availability of community resources Improves chronic disease indicators Limited reimbursement structures May reduce hospital utilization Time constraints in high-volume clinics (Shanks & Gordon, 2024; Garrity et al., 2024) Selected Intervention: Healthcare-Based Screening and Referral Integration Healthcare-embedded screening with structured referral pathways represents a feasible and scalable intervention (Shanks & Gordon, 2024). Standardized screening tools incorporated into electronic health records enable real-time identification and referral to community organizations and federal assistance programs. Compared with large-scale legislative reform—which requires prolonged policy negotiation—or community initiatives reliant on unstable funding streams, healthcare systems can operationalize screening within existing clinical infrastructures (Joseph, 2025). Additionally, the “Food is Medicine” paradigm strengthens the clinical rationale by directly linking nutrition security with cardiometabolic health equity (Mozaffarian et al., 2024). Ethical Foundations Supporting Implementation How Do Bioethical Principles Justify Food Insecurity Screening? Healthcare-based screening aligns with foundational ethical principles: To ensure ethical integrity, standardized protocols and implicit bias training are necessary to prevent discriminatory screening practices (Myers, 2020; Joseph, 2025). Impact on the Spheres of Care Wellness Promotion and Disease Prevention Early identification of food insecurity enables timely preventive interventions before disease progression. Patients with improved food access demonstrate stronger medication adherence and reduced trade-offs between purchasing food and filling prescriptions (Mozaffarian et al., 2024). Integrating screening into routine care supports a proactive population health model rather than a reactive treatment paradigm. Chronic Disease Management Stable access to nutritious foods contributes to improved hemoglobin A1C levels, blood pressure regulation, lipid control, and weight stabilization in individuals with diabetes and cardiovascular disease (Thomas et al., 2021). Routine reassessment enhances continuity of care and may reduce preventable hospital readmissions (Shanks & Gordon, 2024). These improvements collectively support enhanced quality of life, cost containment, and greater health equity across vulnerable populations. Conclusion Food insecurity represents a multifaceted and structurally embedded determinant of health with substantial clinical and ethical implications. Healthcare-based screening and referral
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NURS FPX 4000 Assessment 4 DEI and Ethics in Healthcare

Student Name Capella University NURS-FPX4000 Developing a Nursing Perspective Prof. Name Date Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI) in Healthcare Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion (DEI) in healthcare reflects a sustained effort to eliminate systemic inequities that have historically disadvantaged racial and ethnic minorities, women, and other marginalized communities. Federal engagement with nondiscrimination policy began in the early 1960s. In 1961, President John F. Kennedy signed Executive Order 10925, which prohibited employment discrimination in organizations receiving federal funding. This regulatory trajectory was strengthened under Lyndon B. Johnson, whose administration advanced affirmative action initiatives and broadened enforcement mechanisms. Legislative consolidation occurred with the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which outlawed segregation and mandated nondiscrimination in employment and federally funded institutions, including hospitals and clinics. Although these reforms dismantled explicit segregation, structural inequities persisted. Barriers such as inadequate insurance coverage, geographic maldistribution of healthcare resources, socioeconomic disparities, and intergenerational mistrust of medical institutions continued to restrict equitable access. The passage of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) represented a significant policy intervention. The ACA expanded Medicaid eligibility, eliminated coverage exclusions for preexisting conditions, and emphasized preventive care utilization, contributing to measurable gains in insurance coverage among underserved populations (Carrasco-Aguilar et al., 2022). Despite policy progress, workforce representation remains uneven. The healthcare labor force continues to be disproportionately White and male relative to national demographics. Empirical studies indicate that many patients prefer racially or ethnically concordant providers, suggesting that representational diversity may influence trust, communication efficacy, and care engagement (Popper-Giveon, 2021). How Have Historical Policies Shaped DEI in Healthcare? Historical executive directives and civil rights statutes created the compliance infrastructure that underpins contemporary DEI strategies. By linking federal funding to nondiscrimination requirements, policymakers incentivized institutional accountability. Over time, this legal architecture enabled the development of structured diversity recruitment pipelines, culturally responsive clinical guidelines, and community-partnership models designed to address social determinants of health. These historical measures therefore function as both ethical benchmarks and operational mandates guiding present-day DEI implementation. Unconscious Bias, Microaggression, and Strategies for Improvement Unconscious (implicit) bias refers to automatic cognitive associations that influence perception, judgment, and decision-making without conscious awareness. In clinical contexts, implicit bias can affect diagnostic reasoning, pain management, triage prioritization, and hiring or promotion decisions. Because these processes operate subconsciously, mitigation requires structured reflection and institutional safeguards. Microaggressions are subtle, often normalized expressions of bias that may manifest in interpersonal exchanges—for example, questioning a colleague’s qualifications based on accent or presuming limited health literacy based on ethnicity. Although individually minor, repeated exposures can produce cumulative psychological stress, contributing to anxiety, depressive symptoms, and physiological sequelae such as elevated blood pressure (Royal College of Nursing, 2023). What Strategies Effectively Reduce Unconscious Bias and Microaggressions in Healthcare Settings? Effective mitigation strategies extend beyond isolated training modules. Evidence-informed interventions include longitudinal DEI education programs, simulation-based bias recognition exercises, interprofessional case reviews, and standardized clinical algorithms that minimize subjective discretion. Organizational reforms—such as transparent recruitment criteria, structured mentorship pathways, and confidential reporting systems—promote accountability and psychological safety. Additionally, embedding inclusive messaging within institutional communications and leadership representation reinforces cultural norms of equity. When systematically implemented, these strategies contribute to improved staff morale, stronger interprofessional collaboration, and reduced turnover, while enhancing fairness in clinical decision-making. DEI’s Impact on Health Outcomes and Patient Satisfaction Integrating DEI principles into clinical practice is associated with improvements in both objective health outcomes and patient-reported experience measures. Culturally responsive care—more accurately conceptualized as cultural humility—requires clinicians to engage patients’ beliefs, languages, and socioeconomic contexts in shared decision-making processes (Plaisime et al., 2023). When care plans reflect patients’ lived realities, adherence rates improve, thereby reducing preventable hospital readmissions and avoidable healthcare expenditures. Workforce diversity also enhances collective problem-solving capacity and adaptive innovation in complex care environments. Teams composed of individuals from varied sociocultural backgrounds are better positioned to recognize blind spots, anticipate barriers, and tailor interventions to heterogeneous populations. In What Ways Does DEI Improve Patient Satisfaction? Patient satisfaction improves when healthcare delivery aligns with principles of respect, inclusion, and linguistic accessibility. Interventions such as multilingual discharge instructions, professional interpreter services, culturally tailored patient education materials, and structured shared decision-making frameworks strengthen comprehension and trust. When patients perceive that their identities and perspectives are acknowledged, satisfaction metrics increase, communication-related grievances decline, and therapeutic alliances are reinforced. These relational improvements contribute to safer transitions of care and progress toward health equity. NURS FPX 4000 Assessment 4 DEI and Ethics in Healthcare DEI initiatives are ethically grounded in the principles of justice, beneficence, and respect for persons. From an ethical standpoint, equitable resource allocation and culturally responsive care are not merely administrative strategies but moral imperatives. Embedding DEI within healthcare ethics ensures that institutional practices align with professional codes of conduct and population health objectives. Table: Analytical Summary of DEI in Healthcare Category Core Components Organizational and Clinical Outcomes DEI Evolution and Legislation 1960s executive orders; enforcement of the Civil Rights Act; ACA-driven insurance expansion; federal compliance standards Expanded insurance access; strengthened nondiscrimination enforcement; regulatory foundation for institutional DEI frameworks Unconscious Bias and Microaggression Implicit cognitive stereotypes; subtle discriminatory communication; structured training; standardized clinical pathways; accountability systems Improved workplace climate; reduced psychological harm; enhanced collaboration; decreased turnover; fairer clinical judgments Health Outcomes and Patient Satisfaction Cultural humility; workforce representational diversity; multilingual services; patient-centered engagement Higher adherence rates; reduced readmissions; stronger trust; improved satisfaction indicators; measurable advancement toward equity References Carrasco-Aguilar, A., Galán, J. J., & Carrasco, R. A. (2022). Obamacare: A bibliometric perspective. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 979064. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.979064 Plaisime, M., Jipguep-Akhtar, M. C., & Belcher, H. M. E. (2023). ‘White people are the default’: A qualitative analysis of medical trainees’ perceptions of cultural competency, medical culture, and racial bias. SSM – Qualitative Research in Health, 4, 100312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmqr.2023.100312 Popper-Giveon, A. (2021). Preferring patient–physician concordance: The ambiguity of implicit ethnic bias. Ethnicity & Health, 26(7), 1065–1081. https://doi.org/10.1080/13557858.2019.1620180 NURS FPX 4000 Assessment 4 DEI and Ethics in Healthcare Royal College of Nursing. (2023). Unconscious bias. https://www.rcn.org.uk/About-us/Equity-diversity-and-inclusion/Taking-time-to-talk/Important-concepts-to-understand/Unconscious-bias